SPAM traps are email addresses that may or may not exist and are used to judge your sender reputation.
The term trap refers to how these types of addresses are scattered throughout the internet to catch people either not using proper list building practices, harvesting emails, purchasing lists from a third party, or marketers who have poor list hygiene.
SPAM traps are created by anti-spam groups to catch spammers.
See 7 Tips to Help You Avoid the Dreaded Spam Filter and Four Common Email Marketing Mistakes SMB's Make to learn more about email marketing.